Päivän etymologinen tietoisku

[hellästi takaluukkuun pantu koira]

turve: from Proto-Finnic *turbeh, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *turbz, whence also English turf. Finnic cognates include Estonian turvas, Ingrian turve, Karelian turveh, Livonian dūrbal, Livvi turveh, Ludian turbiž, turbeh, Veps turbiž, turbaz, turbez, Võro turbas and Votic turvas, turvõ.

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weird

c. 1400, "having power to control fate," from wierd (n.), from Old English wyrd "fate, chance, fortune; destiny; the Fates," literally "that which comes," from Proto-Germanic *wurthiz (source also of Old Saxon wurd, Old High German wurt "fate," Old Norse urðr "fate, one of the three Norns"), from PIE *wert- "to turn, to wind," (source also of German werden, Old English weorðan "to become"), from root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend." For sense development from "turning" to "becoming," compare phrase turn into "become."

The sense "uncanny, supernatural" developed from Middle English use of weird sisters for the three Fates or Norns (in Germanic mythology), the goddesses who controlled human destiny. They were portrayed as odd or frightening in appearance, as in "Macbeth" (and especially in 18th and 19th century productions of it), which led to the adjectival meaning "odd-looking, uncanny" (1815); "odd, strange, disturbingly different" (1820). Related: Weirdly; weirdness.

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teini

Borrowed from Old Swedish diäkn, deghn, compare Swedish djäkne, ultimately from Ancient Greek διάκονος (diákonos). Current meaning further influenced by English teen, even though the words are not related.

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δῐᾰ- (dia-) + Proto-Indo-European *kón-os, from *ken- (“to set oneself in motion”). The length of the ᾱ (ā) is explained by Brugmann and Boisacq as by analogy to long vowels that occurred in compounds where the second element started with a vowel.

teen

Back-formation from teenager. Clipping of teenager.

-teen

From Middle English -tene, from Anglian Old English -tēne (compare West Saxon -tīene), from an inflected form of Proto-Germanic *tehun (“ten”).

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From earlier *tehunt, from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥t.

age

From Middle English age, borrowed from Anglo-Norman age, from Old French aage, eage (Modern French âge), from assumed unattested Vulgar Latin *aetāticum, from Latin aetātem, accusative form of aetās, from aevum (“lifetime”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyu- (“vital force”).

Displaced native Middle English elde (“age”) (modern eld; from Old English ieldu, eldo, ieldo (“age”)).

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ainoa

From Proto-Finnic *ainaga, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ainagaz (“sole”) (from *ainaz (“one”)), preserving the older meaning seen in the Latin cognate unicus (“unique”). Cognate with Estonian ainus, Votic ainago, Ingrian ainava, Livonian āinagi, Ludian ainag.

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From Proto-Indo-European *óynos.

Perhaps built on the pronominal stem *éy (“he, she, it”) +‎ *-nós, in which case the suffix would have been used in contradiction to its presumed usage. Homer's use of feminine ἴα (ía, “one”), from *ih₂, directly from the pronominal stem *i- has been suggested as a corroboration for this.

Alternative forms in PIE include *Hóywos, attested in Greek and Indo-Iranian (cf. Ancient Greek οἶος (oîos), Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀‎ (aēuua)) and *Hóykos, attested only in Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit एक (éka)).

Reconstruction notesEdit

Acute accent in Balto-Slavic points to a medial laryngeal, at least in the *HóyHnos form.

According to Arnaud Fournet, Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas is unique among all Indo-European languages and shows similarity with counterparts in Uralic languages. Compare, however, Proto-Albanian *ne uka (whence Albanian nuk).
DescendantsEdit

Proto-Albanian: *ainja
Albanian: një
Proto-Celtic: *oinos (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *ainaz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *óynos
Ancient Greek: οἶνος (oînos, “the ace on dice”), οἴνη (oínē, “the ace on dice”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háynas
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háynas
Sanskrit: एन (éna)
Proto-Italic: *oinos
Old Latin: oinos
Latin: ūnus (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌖𐌔 (uinus)
Umbrian: 𐌖𐌍𐌔 (uns)

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juna

From a dialectal word meaning "line, queue", which is irregularly connected with juoni, jono, jana. Modern meaning "train" was given to the word in 1864.

jono

A descriptive variant of juoni.[1] Related to Veps jono.

juoni

From Proto-Finnic *jooni, borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáHnam. Cognates on the Uralic side include Estonian joon, Southern Sami joene (“road”) and Erzya ян (jan, “path”). Sense diversification from original "path" is particular to Finnic. Compare dialectal juntu (“path”).

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Etymology of California

Multiple theories regarding the origin of the name California, as well as the root language of the term, have been proposed, but most historians believe the name likely originated from a 16th-century novel, Las Sergas de Esplandián. The novel, popular at the time of the Spanish exploration of Mexico and the Baja California Peninsula, describes a fictional island named California, ruled by Queen Calafia, east of the Indies. The author of the novel, Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, also known as Ordóñez de Montalvo, is thought to have derived the term California from the Arabic Khalif and/or Khalifa, but he might also have been influenced by the term "Califerne" in the 11th-century epic French poem The Song of Roland.

When Spanish explorers in the 16th century first encountered the Baja California Peninsula, west of the Sea of Cortez, they believed the peninsula to be an island similar to the island described in de Montalvo's novel. They named the land California. Initially, California applied only to Baja California Peninsula, but as Spanish explorers and settlers moved north and inland, the region known as California, or Las Californias, grew. Eventually it included not only the peninsula, but also the lands north of the peninsula, along the coast of today's U.S. state of California. Unlike the peninsula, this region was only practical to reach by sea voyages, and acquired a separate identity: Alta (Upper) California, making the lower territory Baja (Lower) California.

Today, the name California is shared by many places throughout the world, but is most commonly associated with areas of the southwest United States, and northwest Mexico. When used alone, California generally refers to the U.S. state of California, but when paired with the term "baja", or "lower", it can refer to the Baja California Peninsula, or one of the Mexican states on the peninsula, Baja California, or Baja California Sur. Collectively, the U.S. and Mexican states constitute a region referred to as The Californias.

Las Sergas de Esplandián origin theory

Map of the New World published in 1540, showing Japan and China very near North America, and Strait of Anián.

In the early 16th-century romance novel Las sergas de Esplandián (The Adventures of Esplandián), California was the name of a mythical island populated only by black warrior women. The popular Spanish novel was printed in several editions, with the earliest surviving edition published about 1510. The author was Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, also known as Ordóñez de Montalvo. The novel described the Island of California as being east of the Indies, close to the Terrestrial Paradise, and ruled by Queen Calafia.

For many years the de Montalvo novel languished in obscurity, with no connection between it and the naming of California. That changed in 1862 when Edward Everett Hale made such a connection. He presented his findings to The Antiquarian Society in that year, and then laid out his findings, along with a portion of the original novel, in the March, 1864, Atlantic Monthly magazine. Hale concluded that when Spanish explorers came upon the Baja California Peninsula, they named it California, after the fictional island in de Montalvo's book, because the explorers thought the peninsula was an island, east of the Indies, similar to the island described in de Montalvo's novel.

An excerpt from the novel, where California is first mentioned, using a contemporary Spanish translation:

Sabed que a la diestra mano de las Indias existe una isla llamada California muy cerca de un costado del Paraíso Terrenal; y estaba poblada por mujeres negras, sin que existiera allí un hombre, pues vivían a la manera de las amazonas. Eran de bellos y robustos cuerpos, fogoso valor y gran fuerza. Su isla era la más fuerte de todo el mundo, con sus escarpados farallones y sus pétreas costas. Sus armas eran todas de oro y del mismo metal eran los arneses de las bestias salvajes que ellas acostumbraban domar para montarlas, porque en toda la isla no había otro metal que el oro.

The English translation, as it appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in March, 1864:

Know, then, that, on the right hand of the Indies, there is an island called California, very close to the side of the Terrestrial Paradise, and it was peopled by black women, without any man among them, for they lived in the fashion of Amazons. They were of strong and hardy bodies, of ardent courage and great force. Their island was the strongest in all the world, with its steep cliffs and rocky shores. Their arms were all of gold, and so was the harness of the wild beasts which they tamed and rode. For, in the whole island, there was no metal but gold.

–Las Sergas de Esplandián, (novela de caballería)

by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.
Published in Seville in 1510.

Hale supposed that in inventing the names, de Montalvo held in his mind the Spanish word calif, the term for a leader of an Islamic community. Hale's joint derivation of Calafia and California was accepted by many, then questioned by a few scholars who sought further proof, and offered their own interpretations. George Davidson wrote in 1910 that Hale's theory was the best yet presented, but offered his own addition. In 1917, Ruth Putnam printed an exhaustive account of the work performed up to that time. She wrote that both Calafia and California most likely came from the Arabic word khalifa which means steward, successor or leader. The same word in Spanish was califa, easily made into California to stand for "land of the caliph" خلیف, or Calafia to stand for "female caliph" خلیفه .

Putnam discussed Davidson's 1910 theory based on the Greek word kalli (meaning beautiful) but discounted it as exceedingly unlikely, a conclusion that Dora Beale Polk agreed with in 1995, calling the theory "far-fetched". Putnam also wrote that The Song of Roland held a passing mention of a place called Califerne, perhaps named thus because it was the caliph's domain, a place of infidel rebellion.

Chapman elaborated on this connection in 1921: "There can be no question but that a learned man like Ordóñez de Montalvo was familiar with the Chanson de Roland ...This derivation of the word 'California' can perhaps never be proved, but it is also plausible—and it may be added too interesting—to be overlooked." Polk characterized this theory as "imaginative speculation", adding that another scholar offered the "interestingly plausible" suggestion that Roland's Califerne is a corruption of the Persian Kar-i-farn, a mythological "mountain of Paradise" where griffins lived.

Song of Roland origin theory

The Song of Roland is an 11th-century Old French epic poem that describes the August 15, 778, defeat, and retreat, of Charlemagne's army by the Basque army at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in the Pyrenees. On line 2924 of the poem, which is in verse number CCIX (209), the word Califerne is one of the lands mentioned, with no indication of its geographic location. It is, however, mentioned after a reference to Affrike, or Africa.

The original French verse CCIX (lines 2920–2924):

Morz est mis nies, ki tant me fist cunquere
Encuntre mei revelerunt li Seisne,
E Hungre e Bugre e tante gent averse,
Romain, Puillain et tuit icil de Palerne
E cil d'Affrike e cil de Califerne;

An English translation of verse CCIX (lines 2920–2924):

Dead is my nephew, who conquered so much for me!
Against me will rebel the Saxons,
Hungarians, Bulgars, and many hostile men,
Romans, Apulians, and all those of Palermo,
And those of Africa, and those of Califerne;

–Song of Roland, Verse CCIX (lines 2920–2924), 11th century[c]

The word Califerne, from the Song of Roland, may have served as an inspiration to Montalvo for the name "California", since both works contain a similar plot point; a battle between Christian and non-Christian armies. The author of the Song of Roland, who is believed to be the Norman poet Turoldus, is thought to have derived Califerne from caliph.

Other origin theories

Several alternate theories have been proposed as possible origins of the word California, but they all have been dismissed, or at least determined by historians to be less compelling than the novel, Las Sergas de Esplandián. Some of the most studied alternate theories include the following.

Calida Fornax

This term could derive from the Old Spanish *Calit Fornay, an alteration of the Latin Calida Fornax, meaning hot furnace.

This theory may explain why the circa 1650 map of the Island of California has the name as two words, "Cali Fornia."

The word California may signify that it is a place that is hot in the manner of a lime kiln; both Spanish and Catalan have similar words taken from the Latin roots calcis (lime) and fornax (oven).

Kali forno

Another suggested source is kali forno, an indigenous phrase meaning "high mountains". However, the name "California" was printed in Montalvo's book before Spanish explorers spoke with Native Americans.

Calahorra

Another possible source for California's name may be Calahorra in Spain.

Application of the name

Hernán Cortés is often credited with being the first to apply the name California to the Baja Peninsula, but researchers believe it was more likely one of the men he assigned to do some advance exploration of the South Sea. Diego de Becerra and Fortún Ximénez, under the direction of Cortés, landed near the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula in 1533. They were the earliest explorers who would likely have applied the name California to the peninsula, thinking it was an island. Cortés did not reach the Baja peninsula until 1535, when he tried unsuccessfully to establish a colony that he named La Paz, under a royal charter granting him that land.

It has also been suggested that Hernando de Alarcón, sent by the viceroy Mendoza—an enemy of Cortés—on a 1540 expedition to verify Cortés's discoveries, referred to the inhospitable lands as California, and it was he who named the peninsula after the fabled island in Las Sergas. There is no question about Hernando de Alarcón's use of the term, nor about his allusion to Las Sergas, but there is question as to whether this is the first use of the name to refer to those lands and whether he intended the name as mockery. Alarcón provides a clear link from the literary, imaginary California to the real place, but his usage cannot be proven to be the actual origin, in that the name might predate him.

Today the name California is applied to the Baja California Peninsula, the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortés), the U.S. State of California, and the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology_of_California

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saletti

Originally Finglish; from English solid.

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From Middle English solide, borrowed from Old French solide (as an adjective), from Latin solidus (“solid”), from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂-i-dʰ-o-s (“entire”), suffixed form of root *solh₂- (“integrate, whole”). Doublet of sol, sold, soldo, solidus, and sou.

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savvy

785, slang, "practical sense, intelligence, knowledge of the world;" also a verb, "to know, to understand;" a West Indies pidgin borrowing of French savez(-vous)? "do you know?" or Spanish sabe (usted) "you know," the verb in both from Vulgar Latin *sapere, from Latin sapere "be wise, be knowing" (see sapient). The adjective, of persons, is attested by 1905, from the noun. Related: Savvily; savviness.

sapient

"wise, sage, discerning," late 15c. (early 15c. as a surname), from Old French sapient and directly from Latin sapientem (nominative sapiens) "sensible; shrewd, knowing, discrete;" also "well-acquainted with the true value of things" (like Greek sophos), a specialized use of the present participle of sapere, of things, "to taste, have taste;" of persons, "to have discernment, be wise."

This is reconstructed to be from PIE root *sep- (1) "to taste, perceive;" source also of Old Saxon ansebban "to perceive, remark," Old High German antseffen, Old English sefa "mind, understanding, insight," Old Norse sefi "thought"). "[N]ow generally used ironically" [Century Dictionary]. Related: Sapiently; sapiential.

franchise

c. 1300, fraunchise, "a special right or privilege (by grant of a sovereign or government);" also "national sovereignty; nobility of character, generosity; the king's authority; the collective rights claimed by a people or town or religious institution," also used of the state of Adam and Eve before the Fall, from Old French franchise "freedom, exemption; right, privilege" (12c.), from variant stem of franc "free" (see frank (adj.)).

From late 14c. as "freedom; not being in servitude; social status of a freeman;" early 15c. as "citizenship, membership in a community or town; membership in a craft or guild." The "special right" sense narrowed 18c. to "particular legal privilege," then "right to vote" (1790). From mid-15c. as "right to buy or sell," also "right to exclude others from buying or selling, a monopoly;" meaning "authorization by a company to sell its products or services" is from 1959.

frank

frank (adj.)
c. 1300, "free, liberal, generous;" 1540s, "outspoken," from Old French franc "free (not servile); without hindrance, exempt from; sincere, genuine, open, gracious, generous; worthy, noble, illustrious" (12c.), from Medieval Latin francus "free, at liberty, exempt from service," as a noun, "a freeman, a Frank" (see Frank).

Frank, literally, free; the freedom may be in regard to one's own opinions, which is the same as openness, or in regard to things belonging to others, where the freedom may go so far as to be unpleasant, or it may disregard conventional ideas as to reticence. Hence, while openness is consistent with timidity, frankness implies some degree of boldness. [Century Dictionary]
A generalization of the tribal name; the connection is that Franks, as the conquering class, alone had the status of freemen in a world that knew only free, captive, or slave. For sense connection of "being one of the nation" and "free," compare Latin liber "free," from the same root as German Leute "nation, people" (see liberal (adj.)) and Slavic "free" words (Old Church Slavonic svobodi, Polish swobodny, Serbo-Croatian slobodan) which are cognates of the first element in English sibling "brother, sister" (in Old English used more generally: "relative, kinsman"). For the later sense development, compare ingenuity.

Frank (n.)

one of the Germanic tribal people (Salian Franks) situated on the lower Rhine from 3c. that conquered Romano-Celtic northern Gaul c.500 C.E.; from their territory and partly from their language grew modern France and French. Old English franc, franca "freeman, noble; Frank, Frenchman," from Medieval Latin francus, a Late Latin borrowing of Frankish *Frank, the people's self-designation (cognate with Old High German Franko, the Latin word also is the source of Spanish and Italian names Franco).

The origin of the ethnic name is uncertain; it traditionally is said to be from the old Germanic word *frankon "javelin, lance" (compare Old English franca "lance, javelin"), their preferred weapon, but the reverse may be the case. Compare also Saxon, traditionally from root of Old English seax "knife." The adjectival sense of "free, at liberty" (see frank (adj.)) probably developed from the tribal name, not the other way round. It was noted by 1680s that, in the Levant, this was the name given to anyone of Western nationality (compare Feringhee and lingua franca).

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quiz

Attested since the 1780s, of unknown origin.

The Century Dictionary suggests it was originally applied to a popular toy, from a dialectal variant of whiz.

The Random House Dictionary suggests the original sense was "odd person" (circa 1780).

Others suggest the meaning "hoax" was original (1796), shifting to the meaning "interrogate" (1847) under the influence of question and inquisitive.

Some say without evidence it was invented by a late-18th-century Dublin theatre proprietor who bet he could add a new nonsense word to the English language; he had the word painted on walls all over the city, and the morning after, everyone was talking about it (The Pre-Victorian Drama in Dublin ).

Others suggest it was originally quies (1847), Latin qui es? (who are you?), traditionally the first question in oral Latin exams. They suggest that it was first used as a noun from 1867, and the spelling quiz first recorded in 1886, but this is demonstrably incorrect.

A further derivation, assuming that the original sense is "good, ingenuous, harmless man, overly conventional, pedantic, rule-bound man, square; nerd; oddball, eccentric", is based on a column from 1785 which claims that the origin is a jocular translation of the Horace quotation vir bonus est quis as "the good man is a quiz" at Cambridge.

visa

From Proto-Finnic *visa (“hard?”). Cognate with Estonian visa, Karelian visa and Livonian vizā. The original adjective "hard, difficult, demanding" is now exclusively found in dialects (and some derivations, like visakoivu); the modern sense "quiz" is a backformation of visailla, itself derived from that adjective.

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Kuisma

Karelian form of the Russian saint's name Кузьма́ (Kuzʹmá), equivalent to English Cosmo, ultimately from Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “order, ordered universe”)..

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from Proto-Hellenic *kónsmos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱónsmos, from *ḱens-. Related to Latin cēnseō (“to estimate”) and Sanskrit शंसति (śaṃsati, “to commend, praise”).[1]

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Esko

From Swedish Eskil, name of a medieval saint (an archbishop), from Old Norse Áskell.

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From Ásketill, Old Norse áss, óss "god" + ketill "(sacrificial) cauldron, helmet".

áss

From Proto-Norse *ᚨᛊᚢᛉ (*asuz), from Proto-Germanic *ansuz (“god”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énsus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ens- (“to engender, beget”). Cognate with Old English ōs, Old Saxon ās, Old High German ans-.

ketill

From Proto-Germanic *katilaz, whence also Finnish kattila, Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (katils) and Old English ċietel; an early loan in Germanic from Latin catillus, diminutive of catīnus and in Slavic languages (compare Russian котёл (kotjól)).

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From Proto-Italic *katinos, probably ultimately a substrate loanword or from Proto-Indo-European *ket-. Compare Serbo-Croatian kòtac (“cattle-shed, weir”), Old English heaðor (“enclosure, jail”), Ancient Greek κοτύλη (kotúlē, “a cup, a pint”), Albanian thes (“bag, sack”).

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esko - jumalkattila

[reino virtanen kuusankoskelta]

Topik muistiin, että voin lukea joku viikonloppuilta voikkaleipää syödessä

[Aloysius Kärppä]

One of the top tops