Punk in Finland

Often interpreted as a compound originally meaning “bridge-maker”, from Proto-Italic *pontifaks, equivalent to pōns (“bridge”) +‎ -fex (“suffix representing a maker or producer”), either metaphorically “one who negotiates between gods and men” or literally if at some point the social class which supplied the priests was more or less identical with engineers that were responsible for building bridges. Compare Sanskrit पथिकृत् (pathikṛ́t, “pathmaker”), attested as an epithet of rishis in the Rig Veda.

From Proto-Italic *ponts, from Proto-Indo-European *pónteh₁s (“path, road”), from *pent- (“path”). Cognate with Sanskrit पन्था (pánthā-), Ancient Greek πόντος (póntos), Old Armenian հուն (hun, “riverbed”), Old English findan (English find), and Old Church Slavonic пѫть (pǫtĭ, “road”).

From Proto-Italic *-faks, related to faciō.

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From Proto-Italic *fakjō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”), possibly through a later intermediate root *dʰh₁-k-yé/ó-. Cognates include Ancient Greek τίθημι (títhēmi), Sanskrit दधाति (dádhāti), Old English dōn (English do) and Lithuanian dėti (“to put”).

The passive voice is suppletively provided by the unrelated verb fīō (“I become, I am made”).

From the name of the second pope, Latin Linus, Ancient Greek Λῖνος (Lînos)

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From λίνον (línon, “flax”).

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Uncertain. Could be from Proto-Indo-European *linom, with cognates including Old Church Slavonic льнъ (lĭnŭ), Latin līnum, and Gothic 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 (lein). However, the Latin and Germanic forms have a long i. Could also be a loanword to Latin and Ancient Greek which other languages borrowed.

From Proto-Finnic *liina (compare Karelian liina, Livonian līn, Veps lin), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax”) (compare English linen, German Lein, Swedish lin).

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Likely from Proto-Indo-European *līno-.

Cognates include Latin līnum and all its derivatives.

Although Greek λίνον (línon), Latin linas, Russian лён (ljon) are sometimes listed as cognates, they actually derive from *lino- with a short /i/.

Considering also the existence of a Latin root with a short /i/ and a /t/ (linteum), reconstruction of a common PIE protoform is impossible, and no similarly sounding terms are attested outside of Europe.

If such roots were borrowed from one or several non-IE languages, locating the source is impossible because cultivation of linen was ubiquitous in the region since the Neolithic.

From Middle English rose, roose, from Old English rōse, from Latin rosa, of uncertain origin but possibly via Oscan from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”) (Aeolic ϝρόδον (wródon)), from Old Persian *wṛda- (“flower”) (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀-‎ (varəδa-), Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr, late Middle Persian [Term?] (gwl /gul/), Persian گل‎ (gul, “rose, flower”), and Middle Iranian borrowings including Old Armenian վարդ (vard, “rose”), Aramaic וַרְדָּא‎ (wardā) / ܘܪܕܐ‎ (wardā), Arabic وَرْدَة‎ (warda), Hebrew וֶרֶד‎ (wéreḏ)), from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰos (“sweetbriar”) (compare Old English word (“thornbush”), Latin rubus (“bramble”), Albanian hurdhe (“ivy”)). Possibly ultimately a derivation from a verb for "to grow" only attested in Indo-Iranian (*Hwardʰ-, compare Sanskrit वर्धति (vardhati), with relatives in Avestan).

Borrowed from Swedish marknad.

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From Old Norse markaðr, marknaðr (“market”), from northern Old French market, from Old French marchiet, from Latin mercātus (“market”). Cognate with Danish and Norwegian Bokmål marked, Norwegian Nynorsk marknad, Faroese marknaður, Icelandic markaður.

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From mercor (“I trade, traffic, deal”) +‎ -tus (action noun suffix).

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From merx ("I trade, deal, sell.").

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From Proto-Italic *merks, of uncertain etymology. De Vaan relates this word to Mercurius, deriving them both from a root referring to various aspects of economics, which he presumes to have an Etruscan origin.[1]

However, in the 2020s, Nikolaev and Matasović independently proposed Indo-European etymologies for merx. Both derivations assume that the simple -c- in the oblique cases was analogically levelled based on the nominative singular, as all velars merged to *-k- when immediately preceding the nominative singular *-s in Italic.

Nikolaev reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *merkʷ-, relating merx to Ancient Greek μάρπτω (márptō, “to take hold”) and Tocharian A märk- (“to take away”).[2]
Matasović instead derives this word from a root Proto-Indo-European *merǵ- (“to divide”), whence also margō (“border”), Proto-Celtic *mrogis, Proto-Germanic *markō, and Persian مرز‎ (marz).[3]

Borrowed in the Middle Ages from a Middle Low German variant of Theodoric, and revived in the nineteenth century.

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Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *Þeudarīks.

Unrelated to Theodore, of Greek origin.

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From *þeudō (“people”) +‎ *rīks (“king”). Equivalent to Proto-Celtic *Toutorīxs.

*rīks

An early borrowing from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs ("king, ruler")

*þeudō

From Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ ("people, tribe").

Clear cognates are found only in Italo-Celtic, Balto-Slavic and Germanic, which may point to an old European substrate word,[1] geographically confined to the west and center of the IE world.

Persian توده‎ (tōda, “masses; heap; stack, hill, rick, tumulus”) and its Iranian cognates are sometimes considered descendants, but the semantic divergence is difficult to reconcile.[2]

The supposed Hittite cognate 𒌅𒍖𒍣𒅖 (tuzziš, “army; camp”) with the semantic shift "people" > "army" > "camp" has been criticized to be unlikely (the normal development would be "camp" > "army").[3] Kloekhorst furthermore argues that the Hittite word can formally only reflect an i-stem tewt-i-, and finally endorses an alternative etymology proposed by Melchert, from PIE *dʰh₁-uti-.

Often a derivation from either of the roots *tewh₂- (“to be strong; swell”)[4] (referring to the strength of community) and *tewH- (“to look favorably; protect; observe”)[5] +‎ *-téh₂ is considered, but the presence of a laryngeal renders that suspect.[6]

From Proto-Finnic *tupa (compare Estonian tuba, Livonian tubā). Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *stubō (“room, living room, heated room”), compare Swedish stuga, Icelandic stofa.
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Of uncertain origin, but in one way or another related to Italian stufa and French étuve. Possibly from Vulgar Latin *extufāre, from ex- + Ancient Greek τῦφος (tûphos, “smoke, steam”), from τύφω (túphō, “to smoke”). Alternatively of Germanic origin related to German stieben ("swirl and fly somewhere (of small particles, such as dust or sparks")) . Cognate with e.g. English stove, German Stube, Norwegian Nynorsk stove and Icelandic stofa.

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewH- (“mist, smoke, haze”). Compare also τῦφος (tûphos, “fever”), τυφόω (tuphóō, “delude”), Τυφῶν (Tuphôn, “Typhon”).

From Middle High German stieben, from Old High German stioban, from Proto-West Germanic *steuban ("to throw up dust"). Cognate to Dutch stuiven.

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From Proto-Germanic *steubaną.

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From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, obscure”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to whirl, waft, stink, shake; steam, haze, smoke”).

From a diminutive of Helena. ->

From Ancient Greek Ἑλένη (Helénē), cognate with English Helen. Doublet of Elina, Helinä, Elena and Jelena.

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From Proto-Hellenic *Ηwelénā, from a pre-Hellenic or later Proto-Indo-European *Swelénā (a solar deity), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to shine, warm, smoulder, burn”). Related to εἵλη (heílē, “sunshine, sun's heat”). Unrelated to ἑλένη (helénē), σέλας (sélas) or σελήνη (selḗnē).[1]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Πάρις (Páris).

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Probably from Luwian 𒉺𒊑𒍣𒋾𒅖 (Parizitis), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *per- (foremost) + 𒍣𒋾𒅖 (“man”). Compare Hittite 𒉺𒊑𒇽 (Pa.ri.LÚ /Parizitis/). By folk etymology connected with πήρα (pḗra, “bag, pouch”).